![]() It was up to the Philippines, as the other nation with possible claims on the region, to separately challenge the legality of China's nine-dash line claim under the law of the sea. In addition to China continuously advancing its position regarding the legitimacy of the nine-dash line, countries including Australia, France, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, United Kingdom and Vietnam have rebutted China's assertions.īut the commission is not a court and is comprised of scientists who assess continental shelf claims. Since then the commission has become something of a de facto legal battleground for various views regarding the status of the nine-dash line. It turned out, however, that this was not a widely known or shared view by the international community. The above position is consistently held by the Chinese Government, and is widely known by the international community. iPNJuaxuLC- Geopolitical Intelligence Services AugWho disputes the line?Ī 2009 joint Malaysia/Vietnam submission to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf highlighted competing claims over the continental shelf in the South China Sea, which is what sparked the current controversy.Ĭhina made a formal diplomatic response to the UN claiming:Ĭhina has indisputable sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters, and enjoys indisputable sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters as well as the seabed and subsoil thereof (see attached map).Ĭhina attached a copy of the nine-dash line map to its formal diplomatic protest to the Malaysia/Vietnam submission and added: Oviparous - a method of reproduction in which eggs are laid, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother.China’s “nine-dash line” demarcation gives it control of most of the South China Sea. Viviparous - a method of reproduction in which the embryo develops inside the body of the female from which it gains nourishment. In oviparous species both sperm and egg cells are released into the water and fertilisation and development take place outside the parent's bodies. The fertilized eggs begin development within the parent and the larvae are released to swim off in search of places to settle. In viviparous species the cells that capture most of the adults' food capture the sperm cells and transport them to ova in the parent's mesohyl. Most sponges reproduce sexually by releasing sperm cells into the water. ![]() ![]() Sponges are usually hermaphrodites, however they are either male, female or neuter at any time. Gemmules, cyst-like spheres, are made by wrapping shells of spongin, often reinforced with spicules, around clusters of special amoeba-like cells called archeocytes that are full of nutrients. Gemmules are "survival pods" which a few marine sponges and many freshwater species produce in large numbers when dying. A few species reproduce by budding and others by producing gemmules. Sponges can regenerating from fragments that are broken off by currents or predators, although this only works if the fragments include the right types of cells. Sponge cells perform a wide range of bodily functions and appear to be more independent of each other than are the cells of other animals. The flow of water through the sponge is in one direction only, driven by the beating of flagella which line the surface of chambers connected by a series of canals. Cells in the sponge walls filter food from the water as the water is pumped through the body and the osculum ("little mouth"). Instead of a mouths they have tiny pores ( ostia) in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Sponges have a unique feeding system among animals. They rely on keeping up a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. Sponges do not have a nervous, digestive or circulatory system. Spongia officinalis, the bath sponge, have no spicules at all. Some sponges also secrete exoskeletons that lie completely outside their organic components whilst others, e.g. Spicules vary in shape from simple rods to three-dimensional "stars" with up to six rays. Many also have a skeleton made up of spicules of calcium carbonate or silica. The body of a sponge consists of jelly-like material ( mesohyl) made mainly of collagen and reinforced by a dense network of fibres also made of collagen.sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
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